Smarter antennas for smarter networks
The 6G Flagship programme, led by the University of Oulu, began in 2018. It is the world’s first major research initiative focused solely on sixth-generation wireless networks. The aim is to build the scientific and technical foundation for 6G before commercial deployment begins. Since its launch, the programme has brought together experts from academia, industry and the public sector to support global 6G development.
Since its beginning, I have served as Vice Director of the 6G Flagship and, more recently, as Director. My focus has been on radio systems research, including spectrum use, waveform design, and usage of 5G test network technologies, all of which are essential to future mobile network performance.
As 6G research progresses globally, antenna systems are becoming one of the most important technical areas. Antennas in 6G will be used for more than just transmitting and receiving signals. They will support beamforming, sensing, and positioning and operate in ways not seen in previous generations of mobile networks.
Adaptive antennas in future networks
In current networks, antennas are largely static. In 6G, they will become adaptive. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output antenna arrays) will allow networks to form narrow beams of radio energy. These beams can be adjusted in real time to follow devices as they move.
6G networks are also expected to operate at much higher frequencies later. Frequencies of 100 to 300 gigahertz make it possible to transmit data at rates of up to a terabit per second. Still, they are more sensitive to physical obstructions, reflections, and atmospheric interference. Antennas must be designed to perform reliably in these conditions.
New requirements for materials and control
High-frequency operation introduces challenges for both hardware and materials. Silicon-based electronics begin to lose efficiency above 100 gigahertz. In 6G Flagship’s research, we explore new semiconductor materials and integration methods that can maintain performance at these higher frequencies.
Beam control will also require new capabilities. It will no longer rely only on hardware. Artificial intelligence will be used to guide beam direction, predict user movement and respond to environmental changes. The aim is to maintain stable and energy-efficient connections, even in challenging conditions.
Enabling accurate positioning and resilience
Accurate positioning is one of the emerging use cases supported by advanced antenna systems in 6G. With improved beam control and high-resolution sensing, it may be possible to achieve positioning accuracy within a few centimetres. This could support sectors such as automated transport, robotics, logistics and healthcare, where high-precision tracking is essential. The capability of antenna pattern null steering also provides capability to mitigate any unwanted signal thus providing resilience.
The role of standards in deployment
New antenna technologies are expected to be introduced first in controlled settings, such as industrial facilities, transport systems and research networks. Broader deployment will depend on global agreement on how 6G systems should perform.
The International Telecommunication Union recently published minimum technological requirements and is expected to publish the official performance requirements for 6G soon. These will provide a common reference for technology development, regulation, and investment planning.
Antenna systems are closely tied to this process. As a core part of the radio interface, they influence how the network communicates, adapts and delivers services in real time. Their technical evolution will continue in parallel with international standardisation.
While standards are still under development, the direction is becoming clearer. Antennas are no longer secondary components. In 6G, they are key to enabling positioning, resilience and intelligent connectivity.
About the author
Director, 6G Flagship